The history of the defibrillator

A colour photograph of a defibrillator with graph paper coming out of the front. It has a handle and a screen on the front and is a large grey rectangular box with blue sides

How the work of two men, John Anderson & Frank Pantridge, bought us the defibrillator that saves thousands of lives every year around the world.

Who invented the defibrillator?

Many people will be familiar from TV hospital dramas with the idea of the external defibrillator shocking the heart back into rhythm: “Stand clear; kerchung, beep beep beep!”  In the 1960’s Dr Frank Pantridge, at the Royal Victoria Hospital in Belfast, spotted the opportunity to improve recovery rates with early treatment at the scene of the heart attack and developed a mobile treatment facility.  The first mobile defibrillator weighed 50kg and needed its own vehicle to get to the patient.  Read about Professor Pantridge here.

Fast-forward to 2021 and,  when he collapsed on the pitch at the Euro 2020s, Danish Footballer Christian Eriksen was treated on site with a portable automatic external defibrillator (AED). You will find AEDs now in many public places.  A device costs around £1,000, weighs about 1 kg and is so intelligent it can tell a convenient bystander how to use it.

 

The story of how the commonly available, intelligent AED developed from Pantridge’s vision centres on another great innovator, Prof John Anderson.  Prof Anderson was a prolific innovator in “connected health” who also ensured the beneficial application of his work through spin off companies and its continuation through the establishment of NIBEC.

Defibrillator History Timeline

1960s

1966

Under the medical direction of Dr. Frank Pantridge and Dr. Geddes, the Royal Victoria Hospital-Belfast (RVH) launches the world’s first mobile coronary care unit which utilizes the world’s first portable defibrillator. At 110 pounds, the complete apparatus is difficult to move and cumbersome to operate. However, significant improvements to outcomes of sudden cardiac arrest patients are soon observed. The world’s first Mobile Coronary Care unit is born. Management of heart attacks outside the hospital is now possible. It soon became obvious, however, that lightweight, battery-operated defibrillators are urgently required if mobile coronary care is to become more widespread.

 

 

1967

Professor John Anderson, who later co-founded HeartSine, joins the RVH team. Anderson works in close association with American Optical, an American company, to develop the world’s first truly portable, battery operated defibrillator, weighing 44 pounds–under half the weight of the earlier inverter units.

1970s

1971

With material advances (Improved Capacitors)  to reduce weight, other technologies were being incorporated into defibrillators to deliver efficacious shock therapy at reduced energies. This serves to further reduce weight without compromising effectiveness. Anderson et. al. developed a new waveform introduced with the Pantridge Portable 15 defibrillator – a unit that weighed just 15 lbs. This device features rechargeable NiCad batteries, which can deliver upwards of 70 shocks. This reliable instrument becomes the standard of care for mobile units until 1974.

1972

John Anderson’s team now addresses a new challenge – to provide mobile continuous ECG monitoring until patient arrival at the hospital, and to provide an event record for review. As a result, a new, fully integrated unit, featuring ECG display and event recording, is developed. This device weighs approximately 12 pounds. The system, known as CORA (Combined Oscilloscope & Recording Apparatus) is the first mobile system also to incorporate a speech channel track for rescuers to record comments, drug information, patient information, etc. A new “fast-scan” system also is incorporated enabling a two-hour patient record to be scanned in five minutes. The three main advantage of this system are: lightweight, continuous recording and reusable tapes.

1973

Further material advances allow for a dramatic reduction in weight, and the first truly lightweight portable defibrillator for emergency services is developed. Designed to specifications developed and prototyped at the Royal Victoria Hospital Belfast, this unit weighs approximately 7.5 pounds, significantly lighter than anything else available in the world. Six hundred units were sold in the United States alone. Professor Anderson is shown here with an early lightweight system developed in Belfast.

1980s

1980

Anderson files one of the first patents for automatic recognition of ventricular fibrillation. This algorithm, at the core of every AED in the industry today, provides the sensitivity and specificity necessary for the development of the first AEDs.

Anderson and his group spearhead design advancements that are used in current defibrillator models worldwide. A host of patents follow. Some of the “firsts” that came out of the Belfast group include:

  • First mobile cardiac defibrillator
  • First use of Mylar capacitors for efficiency and weight reduction
  • Development of the first miniaturized capacitor, through a cooperative project with CSI, CA
  • First truly portable defibrillator provided in a transport case
  • One of the first rechargeable systems with integrated printer capability
  • First cardiac defibrillator that could operate over a telephone system to a base station
  • Patent for waveform algorithm with a defibrillator shock decision tree, elements of which are still in use in external and internal defibrillator algorithms
  • Development of the first flat screen displays
  • Early version tape recorder incorporated into systems for speech recording
  • First IP56 (ingress test certification) and 7-year warranty in one unit
  • Patented Pad-Pak™ technology, combining electrodes & lithium manganese battery in one disposable unit for simplicity of use and ease

1981

The first AED is developed in Northern Ireland. The unit includes a flat screen display, read out and recording facilities.

1990s

1998

John Anderson founds HeartSine in conjunction with a group of investors to further the development of portable cardiac defibrillators based on his early Belfast experience.

2000s

2001

HeartSine develops the first samaritan AED. This device is a lightweight unit with smart battery technology, large screen display for ECG trace and graphic (with written) instructions and utilizes new SCOPE waveform technology. Audible prompts coach users in proper operation of the unit.

2004

HeartSine unveils the samaritan PAD, Public Access Defibrillator. The latest in the evolution of portable defibrillation, the PAD unit has been improved in function and reduced in weight to less than 2 lbs. (with battery, 2.4 lbs.). The PAD unit utilizes sophisticated algorithms designed to automatically sense patient heart rhythms and to apply a shock only when necessary. It also prompts users during the rescue process – both audibly and visually–improves ergonomics, with only two buttons, On/Off and Shock, and three icons which illuminate to provide visual instruction. The device utilizes a revolutionary concept in design, in which the battery and electrode pads are contained in a single cartridge or Pad-Pak, with only one expiration date for users to monitor. Recognizing the importance of CPR with AED use, the samaritan PAD provides rate coaching for chest compressions – both audibly and visually for support in loud environments.

2006

HeartSine launches the samaritan PAD 300P, with both adult and pediatric capabilities.

2010s

2010

HeartSine leads the industry by introducing an unrivalled 10 year product warranty, making the samaritan PAD the most supported AED on the market.  HeartSine continues its legacy of innovation unveiling the PAD 500P with ICG based CPR Advisor for international markets. This device uses an Impedance Cardiogram (ICG) to determine if CPR is being applied hard enough and at the correct rate.

2011

The battery capability of the innovative Pad-Pak is improved, extending its life and standard warranty to four years.

2013

HeartSine launches the samaritan PAD 350P, continuing its line of highly durable and clinically advanced AED products.

2014

HeartSine unveils the samaritan PAD 360P, the company’s new fully automatic AED.